Archetypal and Mythological Criticism
Basic Concepts
- both study the connections among apparently disparate texts in order to understand how an individual text is faithful to and how it deviates from common patterns
- common patterns=archetypes
- an archetype can be:
- plot
- character
- setting
- symbolic objects
- basically any element that is repeated over and over with out the core meaning being changed
- Archetypes are literary reflections of experiences widely shared by humanity
- Archetypes reflect deeply embedded pattern in the human mind
Important People
- James Frazer
- an anthropologist
- noticed that the myths tent to have striking similarities from culture to culture
- archetypes arise from experiences that are common to all or most humans
- Carl Jung
- Swiss psychiatrist
- speculated that the reason for recurring patterns in myths was an underlying structure of the human mind
- named these patterns psychological archetypes
- these archetypes sprang from an inherited aspect of the mind which he called the "collective unconscious"
- collective unconscious was a repository of emotions, ideas, instincts, and even memories shared by all humans
- Archetypes are symbolic representation of this hidden part of ourselves
- Joseph Cambell
- monomyth- one myth so pervasive that it unifies almost all other mythology
- basic stages of a hero's journey are:
- separation
- the road of trials
- and the return
- there are many substages and less archetypes for the hero's journey
- Nothrop Frye
- developed ideas of the anthropologist and psychiatrist into a working school of criticism
- postulated that there is essentially one story being told over and over
- Narrative Pattern: a culturally learned expected sequence of events in a storytelling; an ideal form that may not match any real-world text perfectly.
- Romance: a story that deceits
- a hero overcoming obstacles on his way to accomplish a socially desirable goal(basically a quest)
- these heroes are almost superhuman, they represent a kind of perfection of the social and natural world
- articulate what is most desirable to the members of society and showing that it is possible to obtain this ultimate desire if you follow the rules of society and its gods
- confirm the social order and a man's place in it
- Most popular in ancient times and the early middle ages.
- primary form
- has fallen out of favor
- Tragedy
- the movement from a desirable world into an undesirable one
- tragic hero is "better-then-average" man, a leader who represents his society
- through his experiences w can examine the nature of the particular society he leads
- often takes place in the realm of fate- the fixed and malevolent future
- at time involves hubris
- most popular during renaissance
- Comedy
- movement from undesirable world into a desirable one
- comic hero is an average man, often an outsider, he is an individual
- through him we can examine questions about the place of the individual in society and what is 'natural' to humankind
- often takse place in the realm of fortune-unexpected good luck
- generally expressions of hope
- dominate in the 18th and 19th century
- Irony
- ante-romance
- negates Romance by first paralleling and then departing from the usual Romantic structure
- instead of confirming social order, it negates it
- depicting society descending into tyranny or disorder
- postulating a meaningless world
- less then average man for the hero
- dominate in the late 19th century
The Novel
Basic Info
- english word novel comes from the Italian word novella
- in Italian novella means "little new thing"
- In most European languages the term novel is roman- derived from he medieval term romance
- In English a novella refers to a work of prose fiction that is usually between 12,000 and 30,000 words
- longer than a short story, but shorter then a novel
- Novel- a fictional prose narrative of considerable length-
- between 30,000 and 100,000 words
- deals with imaginary human experiences
- narrative is conveyed by the author through a specific point of view
- connected by a sequence of events-plot
- involves a group of people in a specific setting
History of the novel
- relatively recent phenomenon
- has antecedents in narrative and verse in the tales of every age and every culture
- first European novel is usually considered to be Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, published 1605
- first took root in England in the first half of the 18th century
- Reasons for novels popularity
- growing middle class and their increased literacy rate and disposable income
- cheaper production and distribution of materials
- publication of novels in serial form
- the introduction of a system of circulating libraries
Common Types of Novels
- Prose Romance: a novel that is often set in the historical past with a plot that emphasizes adventure and an atmosphere that is removed from reality. The characters in a prose romance are either sharply drawn as villains or heroes, masters or victims; while the protagonist is solitary and isolated from society
- Novel of Incident: the narrative focuses on what the protagonist will do next and how the story will turn out
- Novel of Character: focuses on protagonist’s motives for what he/she does and how he/she will turn out
- Novel of Manners: Defines social mores of a specific group, often upper-middle class, which control the actions of the characters
- Epistolary Novel: 1st person narrative progresses in the form of letters, journals, or diaries
- Picaresque Novel: relates the adventures of an eccentric or disreputable hero in episodic form.
- Historical Novel: a novel set in a period earlier than that of the writing
- Regional Novel: represents accurately that habits, speech, and folklore of a particular geographical section
- Bildungsroman: German term that indicated a novel of growth. Fictional autobiography that is concerned with the development of the protagonist’s mind, spirit, and character from childhood to adulthood.
- Roman a Clef: French term meaning a “novel with a key”; imaginary event with real people disguised as fictional characters
- Roman-fleuve: French term for a narrative that has a common theme or range of characters that stretch across a number of novels
- Sociological: depicts the problems and injustices of society, making moral judgment and offering resolutions
- Stream of Consciousness: presents the total range of thoughts, memories, associations of character in uninterrupted, endless flow.
- Gothic: combines a desolate setting and mysterious events to create an atmosphere of terror
- Gothic Romance: presents a stormy love relationship within a violent, brooding, atmosphere
- Satirical: reveals human folly and vices through wit, scorn, ridicule, and exaggeration with hope for reform
More Literary Terms
Forms Of Repetition
Anaphora: is a rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis. Ex. In time the savage bull sustains the yoke, In time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure, In time small wedges cleave the hardest oak, In time the flint is pierced with softest shower.
Antistrophe: the repetition of words at the end of successive phrases or sentences. Ex. “When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.”
Anadiplosis: the repetition of the last word of one line or clause to begin the next, Anadiplosis often leads to climax. Ex. “ Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.”
Diacope: the
repetition of a word or phrase broken up by only one or two intervening words.
Ex. “ We give thanks to Thee, O God, we give thanks.”
Epizeuxis: repetition of words in immediate succession, for vehemence of emphasis. Ex. “Words, Words, words.”
Polysyndeton: the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses. Ex. "Standing still, I can hear my footsteps Come up behind me and go on Ahead of me and come up behind me and With different keys clinking in the pockets, And still I do not move."
Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds, usually consonants
Assonance: The use of similar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containg different constants. Ex. “ A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.”
Consonance: the repetition of consonants or consonant patterns, especially at the ends of words.
Forms Of Parallelism
Antithesis: establishing a clear, contrasting relationship between two deas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often parallel structure. Ex. “ To err is human; to forgive, divine.”
Forms of Inversion: